柏林的英文介绍 150词左右 (urbanempire)
柏林的英文介绍 150词左右 (urbanempire)
柏林英文介绍如下：Berlin is the capital city of Germany and one of the 16 states of Germany.With a population of 3.4 million people,and it is Germany's largest city and is the second most populous city proper and the seventh most populous urban area in the European Union.Located in northeastern Germany on the River Spree,it is the center of the Berlin-Brandenburg Metropolitan Region,which has about 4½ million residents from over 180 nations.Due to its location in the European Plain,Berlin is influenced by a temperate seasonal climate.Around one third of the city's area is posed of forests,parks,gardens,rivers and lakes.
First documented in the 13th century,Berlin became the capital of the Kingdom of Prussia (1701–1918),theGerman Empire (1871–1918),the Weimar Republic (1919–33) and the Third Reich (1933–45).[10] Berlin in the 1920s was the third largest municipality in the world.After World War II,the city,along with the German state,was divided - into East Berlin — capital of the German Democratic Republic,colloquially identified in English as East Germany — and West Berlin,a political exclave (surrounded by the Berlin Wall from 1961 to 1989) and a de facto (although not de jure) state of the Federal Republic of Germany,known colloquially in English as West Germany from 1949 to 1990.Following German reunification in 1990,the city was once more designated as the capital of all Germany.
Berlin is a world city of culture,politics,media,and science,hosting 147 foreign embassies.Its economy is primarily based on high-tech industries and the service sector,enpassing a diverse range of creative industries,research facilities,media corporations,and convention venues.Berlin also serves as a continental hub for air and rail transport and is a popular tourist destination.Significant industries include IT,pharmaceuticals,biomedical engineering,biotechnology,electronics,traffic engineering,and renewable energy.
Berlin is home to renowned universities,research institutes,orchestras,museums,and celebrities and is host to many sporting events.Its urban setting and historical legacy have made it a popular location for international film productions.The city is well known for its festivals,diverse architecture,nightlife,contemporary arts,public transportation networks,and an extremely high quality of living.
帮你找了一篇纽约的介绍，难度适中，希望我的回答对你有所帮助！^_^
New York(纽约)
New York City, New York, is the biggest city in the United States. About 8.1 million people live in New York City, and 18.3 million live in the city and its surrounding urban area. New York City was once the largest city in the world. Today, it is the fourth largest.
New York City is in southeastern New York State. That’s where the broad Hudson River empties into the Atlantic Ocean.
PEOPLE FROM EVERYWHERE
New York is the world’s most ethnically diverse city. About one-third of New York’s residents, over 2.6 million people, were born in other countries. Schoolkids in New York speak more than 120 languages.
A CITY OF LANDMARKS
The city is full of famous buildings that you may often see on television. They include the Empire State Building, United Nations headquarters, Chrysler Building, and Rockefeller Center.
The Statue of Liberty stands in New York Harbor. It has welcomed millions of immigrants to America.
Two of the world’s tallest buildings once soared above New York’s skyline. They were the twin towers of the World Trade Center. But terrorists flew airplanes into the towers and destroyed them on September 11, 2001.
Central Park is an oasis of greenery in the midst of New York’s tall buildings. It offers a zoo, a nature center, playgrounds, paths for running and bicycling, and places for ice skating, roller skating, and playing sports.
THE FIVE BOROUGHS
What do you think of when you think of New York City? Most people think of Manhattan, the heart of the city, with its towering skyscrapers.
But the city has five sections. These sections are called boroughs. A borough is similar to a county. The five boroughs are Manhattan, Queens, Brooklyn, the Bronx, and Staten Island.
A CITY OF ISLANDS
The Bronx is the only borough of New York City on the United States mainland. The other boroughs are on islands. Brooklyn and Queens occupy the western end of Long Island. Water surrounds Staten Island and Manhattan. These two boroughs face each other across New York Harbor.
ONE OF AMERICA’S OLDEST CITIES
English explorer Henry Hudson in 1609 sailed up the river that now bears his name. He was working for a Dutch company. The company started a settlement at the mouth of the Hudson in 1624. They called it New Amsterdam. The English captured the settlement in 1664 and renamed it New York.
Since colonial days New York has been an important city. It was the U.S. capital from 1785 to 1790. New York passed Philadelphia in 1810 to become America’s largest city. New York grew because of its excellent harbor. The port made it a center of trade. Immigrants to the United States poured through the port.
A CENTER OF BUSINESS AND FINANCE
Today, Wall Street, New York’s financial center, is the leading financial center for the world. Wall Street is home to many banks, stock markets, stockbrokers, and other financial institutions.
New York is the most important communications and publishing center in the United States. Three major television networks have their headquarters in New York City—ABC, CBS, and NBC. Many of the country’s major advertising agencies and book and magazine publishers also are headquartered in New York City.
A CENTER FOR THE ARTS
New York is a major center for the arts. No other American city has so many places to hear music, see plays, watch dance, or look at art.
The city’s outstanding art museums include the Metropolitan Museum, Guggenheim Museum, Museum of Modern Art, and Whitney Museum of American Art. Galleries on Madison Avenue show very new artworks.
Times Square and Broadway form the main theater district. Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts has concert halls, theaters for dance and plays, and the Metropolitan Opera House. New York City’s museums, theaters, and concerts make the city a popular destination for millions of visitors each year.
英国国旗是大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国（英国）的国旗，中文又俗称米字旗，英文俗称“联合杰克”（The Union Jack）
最早的米字旗于1606年4月12日英格兰詹姆士一世统一英格兰和苏格兰时诞生。它是由英格兰圣乔治的十字和苏格兰圣安德鲁的交叉合并而成。不过，这面旗帜的旗面不是今天的深蓝色而是浅蓝色。威尔士由于早期已经被英格兰爱德华一世征服并被认为是英格兰的一部分，因此并没有出现在当时的英国国旗上。
今天的米字旗诞生于1801年1月1日，当时爱尔兰岛与不列颠组成了联合王国。爱尔兰圣帕特里克的白地红色交叉型旗再度与米字旗合并，从而形成了今天的米字旗。
米字旗最早其实是王室的旗帜，即使到今天，英国也没有法律确认米字旗为英国的国旗，不过它在功能上与国旗已经没有差别。1908年英国议会宣布“米字旗应该被认为是英国的国旗”。1933年英国内政大臣则宣布“米字旗就是英国国旗”。
英国的很多前殖民地国家将米字旗放在国旗的左上角，以示与英国的关系。这些国家中包括了澳大利亚和新西兰。加拿大在1965年前使用的国旗上也有米字旗的图案。
另外需要留意，虽然诈看没有分别，英国国旗其实是有上下之分，靠近旗杆的两条红白双色米字斜条中的上部主要应为白色，红色靠近下部，不可倒挂。
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland uses as its national flag the royal banner known as the Union Flag or, popularly, Union Jack.[1] The current design of the Union Flag dates from the union of Ireland and Great Britain in 1801. It consists of the red cross of Saint George (patron saint of England), edged in white, superimposed on the Cross of St Patrick (patron saint of Ireland), which are superimposed on the Saltire of Saint Andrew (patron saint of Scotland).
Its correct proportions are 1:2. However, the version officially used by the British Army modifies the proportions to 3:5, and additionally two of the red diagonals are cropped.
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伦敦（英文：London，读音：/ˈlʌndən/ 文件－播放）是英格兰和英国的首都、第一大城及第一大港，也是欧洲最大的都会区之一，自两千多年前罗马人成立这座都市起[1]，伦敦一直在世界上具有极大的影响力。城市的核心地区伦敦市，仍保持着自中世纪起就划分的界限。然而，最晚自十九世纪起，“伦敦”这个名称同时也代表围绕着伦敦市开发的周遭地区[2]。这些卫星城市构成了伦敦的都会区[3]和大伦敦区[4]。
伦敦市世界四大世界级城市之一，与美国纽约、法国巴黎和日本东京并列 。伦敦未获英国城市地位，正式来说算不上是城市（其心脏地带伦敦市和西敏市才是城市），但因为自18世纪起她一直是世界上最重要的政治、经济、文化、艺术和娱乐中心之一，一般人都误以为她是一座城市。
从1801年到20世纪初，作为世界性帝国——大英帝国的首都，伦敦因在其于政治、经济、人文文化、科技发明等领域上的卓越成就，而成为全世界最大的都市。
伦敦是一个非常多元化的大都市，其居民来自世界各地，具有多元的种族、宗教和文化；城市中使用的语言超过300种。同时，伦敦还是世界闻名的旅游胜地，拥有数量众多的名胜景点与博物馆等。
2005年，伦敦的人口为750万，都会区的人口则超过1200万人。
London (pronounced /ˈlʌndən/) is the capital of England and the United Kingdom. It has been a major settlement for two millennia, and its history goes back to its founding by the Romans, when it was named Londinium.[6] London's core, the ancient City of London, the 'square mile', retains its medieval boundaries. Since at least the nineteenth century, the name "London" has also referred to the metropolis developed around it. Today, the bulk of this conurbation forms the London region[8] and the Greater London administrative area,[9] with its own elected mayor and assembly.
London is a major global city[11][12] and one of the world's largest financial centres. Central London is home to the headquarters of more than half of the UK's top 100 listed companies (the FTSE 100) and more than 100 of Europe's 500 largest. London's influence in politics, finance, education, entertainment, media, fashion, the arts and culture in general contributes to its global position. It is a major tourist destination for both domestic and overseas visitors. London hosted the 1908 and 1948 Summer Olympics and will host the 2012 Summer Olympics.
London contains four World Heritage Sites: the Tower of London; the historic settlement of Greenwich; the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew; and the site comprising the Palace of Westminster, Westminster Abbey and St. Margaret's Church.[18]
London has a wide range of peoples, cultures, and religions, and more than 300 languages are spoken within its boundaries.[19] In July 2007, it had an official population of 7,556,900 within the boundaries of Greater London,[20] making it the most populous municipality in the European Union.[21] The Greater London Urban Area (the second largest in the EU) has a population of 8,278,251.[2] while the metropolitan area (the largest in the EU) has an estimated total population of between 12 million and 14 million. The London Underground network, administered by Transport for London, is the most extensive subway network in the world, London Heathrow Airport is the world's busiest airport by number of international passengers[23] and the airspace is the busiest of any urban centre in the world.[24]
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英国英语（British English;BrE），又称英式英语，主要是指居住在不列颠群岛上的英格兰（England）人的英语规则，为英国本土及英联邦国家的官方语言。
英式英语并非为所有不列颠人认同。在某些非英格兰地区，特别是 苏格兰、威尔士与爱尔兰，主张不同方言之共存。他们认为强行统一英语等于无理羞辱。然而，对于英格兰人而言，他们不过将方言的进化看得太严肃。
历史上，英语之所以世界通行，全都是因为大英帝国的势力，且最有代表影响力的英国英语，又称“英国腔”，但仍然有许多国家却不这么认为（特别是美国）。
从二十世纪中叶至今，英语影响力的扩大，是因为美国在世界上占领经济、军事与政治的优势，世界也认为美国英语是目前最重要的语言。特别是许多美国文化产品（例如：电影、 书籍、 音乐）活跃在全世界，大量取代了其他英语系国家的产品。
英国英语仍然是许多英联邦国家的官方语言，包括澳大利亚、南非以印度，在 欧盟里也一样。英国英语在前英国殖民地香港、新加坡也继续使用。
English is a West Germanic language that developed in England during the Anglo-Saxon era. As a result of the military, economic, scientific, political, and cultural influence of the British Empire during the 18th, 19th, and early 20th centuries, and of the United States since the mid 20th century,[7][8][9][10] it has become the lingua franca in many parts of the world.[11][12] It is used extensively as a second language and as an official language in Commonwealth countries and many international organisations.
Historically, English originated from several dialects, now collectively termed Old English, which were brought to Great Britain by Anglo-Saxon settlers beginning in the 5th century. The language was influenced by the Old Norse language of Viking invaders.
At the time of the Norman conquest, Old English developed into Middle English, borrowing heavily from the Norman (Anglo-French) vocabulary and spelling conventions. The etymology of the word "English" is a derivation from 12th century Old English: englisc or Engle, and plural form Angles; definition of, relating to, or characteristic of England. [13]
Modern English developed with the Great Vowel Shift that began in 15th-century England, and continues to adopt foreign words from a variety of languages, as well as coining new words. A significant number of English words, especially technical words, have been constructed based on roots from Latin and ancient Greek.
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爱尔兰语（Gaeilge na héireann），在英语中也称为Irish、Gaelic、Irish Gaelic或Erse（此语汇系借用自苏格兰语），因此在汉语中爱尔兰语也有“盖德尔语”、“盖尔语”、或“爱尔兰盖尔语”等其他译名。爱尔兰语在语言分类上属于印欧语系的凯尔特语族，和同属该语族的布列塔尼语、威尔士语、以及苏格兰盖尔语有相当密切的关系。爱尔兰语是爱尔兰共和国的官方语言，同时也是北爱尔兰官方承认的区域语言，使用人口有26万。
Irish (Gaeilge) is a Goidelic language of the Indo-European language family, originating in Ireland and historically spoken by the Irish people. Irish is now only spoken natively by a small minority of the Irish population but also plays an important symbolic role in the life of the Irish state, and is used across the country in a variety of media, personal contexts and social situations. It enjoys constitutional status as the national and first official language of the Republic of Ireland and it is an official language of the European Union. Irish is also an officially recognised minority language in Northern Ireland.
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Ulster Scots (or Ullans) generally refers to the dialects of Scots[3][4] spoken in parts of Ulster.[5] Some definitions of Ulster Scots may also include Standard English spoken with an Ulster Scots accent[6][7] – where lexical items have been re-allocated to the phoneme classes that are nearest to the equivalent standard classes[8] – a situation equivalent to that of Lowland Scots and Scottish Standard English.[9] Ulster Scots has also been influenced by, and has itself influenced, Mid Ulster English. As a result of the competing influences of English and Scots source dialects, varieties can be characterised as 'more English' or 'more Scots'.[10]
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苏格兰盖尔语，或仅简称盖尔语（Gàidhlig；IPA：/ˈgɑːlɪk/），属于凯尔特语族盖尔亚支的一种语言。
与苏格兰盖尔语同属盖尔亚支的凯尔特语言尚有爱尔兰语和马恩岛语，三者都是源自古爱尔兰语。苏格兰盖尔语有时在爱尔兰或称为“苏格兰语”（Scots），然而这是错误的，因为实际上在苏格兰，所谓“苏格兰语”是用来指另一种属于日耳曼语族的“低地苏格兰语”。
苏格兰盖尔语是高地苏格兰人的传统语言；高地苏格兰人是现在主要住在苏格兰高地的凯尔特族群，但在历史上，苏格兰盖尔语曾经是大半苏格兰地区的语言，约在西元5世纪左右由苏格兰人自爱尔兰带到大不列颠（旧称 Alba 或 Albion）的加勒多尼亚（约当涵盖今天的整个苏格兰）；在这里，苏格兰盖尔语取代了皮克特人的皮克特语。一直到15世纪末，盎格鲁人仍然以他们的语言称苏格兰盖尔语为“苏格兰语”（盎格鲁语：Scottis）。然而在16世纪初期，苏格兰盖尔语却变成盎格鲁人口中的“爱尔兰语”（低地苏格兰语/盎格鲁语：Erse），反而“苏格兰语”专门被用来指称“低地苏格兰语”。无论如何，苏格兰盖尔语已经在苏格兰文化占了相当重的地位，对于那些苏格兰人，不管他们会不会说苏格兰盖尔语，这个传统语言都已经变成苏格兰王国的重要文化（虽然其他人可能仍只把它当成一个地方性的语言）。
Scottish Gaelic (Scottish Gaelic: Gàidhlig) is a member of the Goidelic branch of Celtic languages, and is distinct from the Brythonic branch of the Celtic languages, which includes Welsh, Cornish, and Breton. Scottish, Manx and Irish Gaelic (collectively called the "Goidelic languages") are all descended from Old Irish. Other common names for Scottish Gaelic are Scots Gaelic and Highland Gaelic.
Outside Scotland, it is occasionally also called Scottish, particularly when being compared to Irish and Manx, though Scottish Gaelic should not be confused with the Scots language (Lowland Scots, Lallans), which is an Anglic language descended from Old English. Within Scotland, Gaelic is pronounced [ˈɡaːlɪk] while outside Scotland it is usually pronounced /ˈɡeɪlɪk/.
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低地苏格兰语（Scots language）是低地苏格兰人所使用的语言，属于一种日耳曼语语系的语言。低地苏格兰语约略自12世纪开始发展，自16世纪初定型命名称呼至今。该语言语法等用法与英语十分相似，因此有时候亦被称为英语的方言之一，事实上，很多人认为低地苏格兰语也是直接由英语衍化而成。
低地苏格兰语为五百万人口的苏格兰地区所常用语言之一，在该地亦是英语和盖尔语之外的官方语言之一。
Scots or Lowland Scots is the variety of Germanic language traditionally spoken in lowland Scotland and parts of Ulster. It is not to be confused with Scottish Gaelic, the Celtic language varieties traditionally spoken in the Highlands and Hebrides.
Since there are no universally accepted criteria for distinguishing languages from dialects, scholars and other interested parties often disagree about the linguistic, historical and social status of Scots.[1] Although a number of paradigms for distinguishing between languages and dialects do exist, these often render contradictory results. Focused broad Scots is at one end of a bipolar linguistic continuum, with Scottish Standard English at the other [2]. Consequently, Scots is often regarded as one of the ancient varieties of English, but with its own distinct dialects[3]. Alternatively Scots is sometimes treated as a distinct Germanic language, in the way Norwegian is closely linked to, yet distinct from, Danish.[4]
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威尔士语（Cymraeg或y Gymraeg，英文：Welsh）是英国威尔士的传统语言，属于凯尔特语族，接近布列塔尼语和康沃尔语。
如今仍然有580 000多人使用威尔士语，占威尔士人口的20%。在阿根廷的巴塔哥尼亚（Patagonia）也有一些威尔士移民保留自己的语言。1993年英国颁布的《威尔斯语法案》赋予威尔斯语在威尔士拥有与英语平等的地位，使得行政各个部门必须提供双语服务，交通标示也使用双语。
最近由威尔士语言局于2001年普查的数据，指出有58.24万人可以说威尔士语，而45.8万人可以说、读及写。对比起1991年的50.8万为少。
Welsh (Cymraeg or y Gymraeg, pronounced [kəmˈrɑːɨɡ, ə ɡəmˈrɑːɨɡ]) is a member of the Brythonic branch of Celtic spoken natively in Wales, in England by some along the Welsh border and in the Welsh immigrant colony in the Chubut Valley in Argentine Patagonia.
There are speakers of Welsh throughout the world, most notably in the rest of Great Britain, the United States, Canada, Australia and New Zealand.
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康瓦尔语（康瓦尔语里的称呼为Kernewek, Kernowek）是属于凯尔特语族中，包括威尔士语、布列塔尼语、已灭亡的坎伯兰语、及假定曾存在的伊佛尼克语的布立吞亚支。而苏格兰盖尔语、爱尔兰语、及马恩岛语则是属于另一亚支盖尔亚支。康瓦尔语约有 80% 的基本单字是和布列塔尼语共有，75% 和威尔士语共有，35% 和爱尔兰语，及 35% 和苏格兰语共有一些字汇。比较起来，威尔士语则有约 70% 的字汇是和布列塔尼语相似。
The Cornish language (in Cornish: Kernewek or Kernowek) is one of the Brythonic group of Celtic languages. The language continued to function as a community language in parts of Cornwall until the late 18th century[citation needed], and a process to revive the language was started in the early 20th century, continuing to this day.
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英国虽在1973年加入欧盟，但英国出于国内政治及内部经济的考虑而拒绝加入欧元区。宪法的改革也同样是现在英国所面临的问题。目前，英国国内商业已经开始接受欧元及美元等外国货币，但是，主要的货币还是以英镑为主。
英镑（记号：￡）是英国国家货币和货币单位名称。英国虽然是欧盟的成员国，但尚未加入欧元区，故仍然使用英镑。英镑主要由英格兰银行发行，但亦有其他发行机构。最常用于表示英镑的符号是￡。国际标准化组织为英镑取的ISO 4217货币代码为GBP（Great Britain Pound）。
除了英国，英国海外领地的货币也以镑作为单位，与英镑的汇率固定为1:1。
The pound sterling (symbol: ￡; ISO code: GBP), often simply called the pound, is the currency of the United Kingdom, its Crown dependencies (the Isle of Man and the Channel Islands) and the British Overseas Territories of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands[1] and British Antarctic Territory.[2] It is subdivided into 100 pence (singular: penny).
The Gibraltar pound, Falkland Islands pound and Saint Helena pound are separate currencies, pegged to the pound sterling.
Sterling is the third-largest reserve currency, after the US dollar and the euro.[3] The pound sterling is also the fourth-most-traded currency in the foreign exchange market after the US dollar, the euro, and the Japanese yen.[4]
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城市
Rank City Location Pop. Rank City Location Pop.
London London 7,172,091 11 Coventry West Midlands 303,475
Birmingham West Midlands 970,892 12 Kingston upon Hull Yorkshire and the Humber 301,416
Glasgow Scotland 629,501 13 Bradford Yorkshire and the Humber 293,717
Liverpool North West England 469,017 14 Cardiff Wales 292,150
Leeds Yorkshire and the Humber 443,247 15 Belfast Northern Ireland 276,459
Sheffield Yorkshire and the Humber 439,866 16 Stoke-on-Trent West Midlands 259,252
Edinburgh Scotland 430,082 17 Wolverhampton West Midlands 251,462
Bristol South West England 420,556 18 Nottingham East Midlands 249,584
Manchester North West England 394,269 19 Plymouth South West England 243,795
Leicester East Midlands 330,574 20 Southampton South East England 234,224
2001 Census
The largest conurbations are:
Greater London Urban Area – 8.5 million
West Midlands conurbation – 2.3 million
Greater Manchester Urban Area – 2.2 million
West Yorkshire Urban Area – 1.5 million
Greater Glasgow – 1.2 million
曼彻斯特（英文：Manchester），英国英格兰西北区域大曼彻斯特郡的都市自治市、城市、单一管理区，人口437,000。曼彻斯得名于古英语名字"Mamucium"（意思是奶头形状的山），及后演化，加上"ceaster"，起源于古拉丁语 "Castra" 而变成"Manchester"。
大曼彻斯特成立于1974年，主要来自于兰开夏郡和柴郡，有人还认为曼彻斯特是兰开夏郡的一部分。'曼彻斯特'这个名字经常用来指整个都市区（甚至扩展到大曼彻斯特以外），其市区总人口在英国排名第二，仅次于伦敦。曼彻斯特人称为Mancunians。
曼彻斯特与特拉福德、泰姆赛德、索尔福德、斯托克波特等城镇联合成曼彻斯特地区。
Manchester (pronounced /ˈmæntʃɛstər/ ( listen)) is a city and metropolitan borough of Greater Manchester, England. In 2007, the population of the city was estimated to be 458,100.[2] Manchester lies within one of the United Kingdom's largest metropolitan areas; the metropolitan county of Greater Manchester had an estimated population of 2,562,200, the Greater Manchester Urban Area a population of 2,240,230,[3] and the Larger Urban Zone around Manchester, the second-most-populous in the UK, had an estimated population in the 2004 Urban Audit of 2,539,100.[4] The demonym of Manchester is Mancunian.
伯明翰（英文：Birmingham），英国英格兰西米德兰兹区域西米德兰兹郡的大型工业城市，据2002年统计数字，该城人口有989,956人，在伯明翰周围80公里范围内的总人口有2百万人左右，是英国除伦敦外最大的都会区。
伯明翰人的地方口音和英国英格兰中西部煤矿区口音相似，伯明翰人的特点是比较勤劳和富于幽默感。
Birmingham (pronounced /ˈbɝːmɪŋəm/ ( listen), BUR-ming-əm, locally /ˈbɝːmɪŋɡəm/ BUR-ming-gəm) is a city and metropolitan borough in the West Midlands county of England. Birmingham is the second-most populous British city, with a population of 1,006,500 (2006 estimate).[2].
The City of Birmingham forms part of the larger West Midlands conurbation, which has a population of 2,284,093 (2001 census)[3] and includes several neighbouring towns and cities, such as Solihull, Wolverhampton and the towns of the Black Country.
爱丁堡（英文：Edinburgh，或苏格兰盖尔语：Dùn éideann），英国苏格兰首府，也是续格拉斯哥后苏格兰的第二大城市。爱丁堡位于苏格兰东海岸福斯湾南岸，北纬55°57', 西经3°11' 。1995年被联合国教科文组织列为世界文化遗产。截止到2001年统计人口为448,624人，占地面积264 平方公里。
贝尔法斯特（英语: Belfast ; 爱尔兰语: Béal Feirste）位于爱尔兰岛东北沿海的拉干河口，在贝尔法斯特湾的西南侧，是英国北爱尔兰的最大海港。始建于1888年，自1920年起成为北爱尔兰的首府。现有人口276,459，都会区579,554，是北爱尔兰政治、文化中心和最大的工业城市。
城市帝国Urban Empire减少城市人口方法：
1、调整区的住宅密度；
2、把住宅调到0。
Finland (in Finnish, Suomi), officially Republic of Finland, republic in northern Europe, bordered on the north by Norway, on the east by Russia, on the south by Russia and the Gulf of Finland, on the south-west by the Baltic Sea, and on the west by the Gulf of Bothnia and Sweden. Nearly one third of the country lies north of the Arctic Circle. The area of Finland, including 33,551 sq km (12,954 sq mi) of inland water, totals 338,145 sq km (130,559 sq mi). Helsinki is the capital and largest city of Finland.
The country consists mostly of tableland, with average heights of about 120 to 180 m (400 to 600 ft) above sea level. The terrain is generally level; hilly areas are more prominent in the north, and mountains are found in the extreme north-west. Mount Halti (1,324 m/4,344 ft) in the north-west near the Norwegian border is Finland’s highest point. The northernmost part of Finland, which lies above the Arctic Circle, is known as Saamiland.
Finland is a country of some 60,000 lakes, the largest of which are the Saimaa, Inari, and Päijänne. Projecting south-west into the Baltic Sea is the Ahvenanmaa archipelago (Åland Islands), which consists of some 6,500 islands. Finland’s principal rivers include the Tornio, Muonio, Kemi, and Oulu. Only the Oulu is navigable by large craft.
Because of the moderating influence of the surrounding water bodies, the climate of Finland is considerably less severe than might be expected. The average July temperature along the southern coast is 15.6° C (60° F); in February the average is about -8.9° C (16° F). Precipitation (including snow and rain) averages about 460 mm (18 in) in the north and 710 mm (28 in) in the south. Light snow covers the ground for four or five months of the year in the south and about seven months in the north.
Productive forestland is Finland’s most valuable natural resource. Spruce, pine, and silver birch are the principal economically exploited species. The only naturally occurring fuels are wood (including charcoal) and peat. Finland also has rich deposits of metallic ores from which copper, zinc, iron, and nickel are extracted. Lead, vanadium, silver, and gold are also mined commercially. Granite and limestone are the most abundant non-metallic minerals. Grey mountain soils predominate in inland regions. The northern third of Finland is covered by peat bogs. The most fertile soils are on the southern coastal plains, which are composed of marine clay.
Nearly three quarters of Finland is forested. Except in the extreme south, where aspen, alder, maple, and elm trees are found, the forests are chiefly coniferous, dominated by spruce and pine trees. Finland has nearly 1,200 species of plants and ferns and some 1,000 varieties of lichens. Wildlife includes bear, wolf, lynx, and arctic fox, all found mainly in the less populated northern regions. Reindeer, domesticated by the Saami (Lapps), are becoming extinct in the wild. Wild goose, swan, ptarmigan, snow bunting, and golden plover nest throughout northern Finland. Freshwater fish include perch, salmon, trout, and pike. The principal saltwater fish are cod, herring, and haddock. Seals are found along the coast.
Acid rain, which damages buildings, soils, forests, fish, and other wildlife, is one of the major environmental issues facing Finland. The country's emissions fell steadily in the late 20th century after the implementation of the United Nations (UN) Economic Commission for Europe (ECE) Sulphur Protocols, but Finland continues to receive sulphur dioxide and other acid-rain-causing pollutants from beyond its borders. Air quality in Finland is generally better than in many other European countries, although substantial problems do exist as a result of emissions from motor vehicles and industrial sources. The vast majority of the population—and, consequently, the sources of air pollution—is concentrated in urban areas in the south-west part of the country.
Finland protects 6 per cent (1997) of its total land area in parks and other reserves—less than most other western European countries. Forest covers 66 per cent (1995) of the country, however, making Finland the most densely forested European country. The government has long played a role in regulating the timber industry to maintain the country's valuable forest resources, and Finland sustains a remarkably low rate of deforestation—just 0.1 per cent (1990-1996) each year. With more than 60,000 lakes, Finland has a large proportion of wetlands, which provide critical habitat for many bird and animal species. During the 20th century these wetlands diminished considerably, due in part to peat mining and to draining for agriculture. Most of Finland's lakes are shallow, making them particularly susceptible to damage from acid rain.
The country is party to international treaties concerning air pollution, biodiversity, climate change, desertification, endangered species, hazardous wastes, marine dumping, marine life conservation, ship pollution, wetlands, and whaling.
在网上查的
第54界(2012)格莱美奖完整获奖名单
综合类
1、年度最佳制作
(Record Of The Year)
2、年度最佳专辑
(Album Of The Year)
3、年度最佳歌曲
(Song Of The Year)
4、最佳新人
(Best New Artist)
Adele 《Rolling In The Deep》
Adele 《21》
Adele 《Rolling In The Deep》
Bon Iver
流行类
5、最佳流行歌手
(Best Pop Solo Performance)
6、最佳流行乐队/组合
(Best Pop Duo/Group Performance)
7、最佳流行器乐演奏
(Best Pop Instrumental Performance)
8、最佳流行演唱专辑
(Best Pop Vocal Album)
Adele 《Someone Like You》
Tony Bennett Amy Winehouse《Body And Soul》
Booker T. Jones《The Road From Memphis》
Adele 《21》
舞曲/电子类
9、最佳舞曲唱片
(Best Dance Recording)
10、最佳电子/舞曲专辑
(Best Electronic/Dance Album)
Skrillex《Scary Monsters And Nice Sprites》
Skrillex《Scary Monsters And Nice Sprites》
传统流行类
11、最佳传统流行演唱专辑
(Best Traditional Pop Vocal Album)
Tony Bennett Various Artists《Duets II》
摇滚类
12、最佳摇滚演奏
(Best Rock Performance)
13、最佳硬摇滚/金属演奏
(Best Hard Rock/Metal Performance)
14、最佳摇滚歌曲
(Best Rock Song)
15、最佳摇滚专辑
(Best Rock Album)
Foo Fighters 《Walk》
Foo Fighters 《White Limo》
Foo Fighters 《Walk》
Foo Fighters 《Wasting Light》
另类音乐类
16、最佳另类音乐专辑
(Best Alternative Music Album)
Bon Iver《Bon Iver》
节奏蓝调音乐类
17、最佳RB歌手
(Best RB Performance)
18、最佳传统RB歌手
(Best Traditional RB Performance)
19、最佳RB歌曲
(Best RB Song)
20、最佳RB专辑
(Best RB Album)
Corinne Bailey Rae《Is This Love》
Cee Lo Green Melanie Fiona《Fool For You》
Cee Lo Green 《Fool For You》
Chris Brown《F.A.M.E.》
说唱类
21、最佳说唱歌手
(Best Rap Performance)
22、最佳说唱歌曲合作
(Best Rap/Sung Collaboration )
23、最佳说唱歌曲
(Best Rap Song)
24、最佳说唱专辑
(Best Rap Album)
Jay-Z Kanye West 《Otis》
Kanye West, Rihanna, Kid Cudi Fergie《All Of The Lights》
Kanye West, Rihanna, Kid Cudi Fergie《All Of The Lights》
Kanye West 《My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy》
乡村类
25、最佳乡村歌手
(Best Country Solo Performance)
26、最佳乡村乐队/组合
(Best Country Duo/Group Performance)
27、最佳乡村歌曲
(Best Country Song)
28、最佳乡村专辑
(Best Country Album)
Taylor Swift 《Mean》
The Civil Wars 《Barton Hollow》
Taylor Swift 《Mean》
Lady Antebellum 《Own The Night》
新世纪类
29、最佳新世纪专辑
(Best New Age Album)
Pat Metheny 《What's It All About》
爵士类
30、最佳爵士乐器独奏
(Best Improvised Jazz Solo)
31、最佳爵士演唱专辑
(Best Jazz Vocal Album)
32、最佳爵士演奏专辑
(Best Jazz Instrumental Album)
33、最佳大爵士乐团专辑
(Best Large Jazz Ensemble Album)
Chick Corea《500 Miles High》
Terri Lyne Carrington Various Artists 《The Mosaic Project》
Corea, Clarke White《Forever》
Christian McBride Big Band《The Good Feeling》
灵乐类
34、最佳灵乐表演/当代基督教音乐表演
(Best Gospel/Contemporary Christian Music Performance)
35、最佳灵乐歌曲
(Best Gospel Song)
36、最佳当代基督教音乐歌曲
(Best Contemporary Christian Music Song)
37、最佳灵乐专辑
(Best Gospel Album)
38、最佳当代基督教音乐专辑
(Best Contemporary Christian Music Album)
Le'Andria Johnson《Jesus》
Kirk Franklin《Hello Fear》
Laura Story《Blessings》
Kirk Franklin《Hello Fear》
Chris Tomlin《And If Our God Is For Us...》
拉丁类
39、最佳流行拉丁/摇滚/城市专辑
(Best Latin Pop, Rock, Or Urban Album)
40、最佳墨西哥/特加诺专辑
(Best Regional Mexican Or Tejano Album)
41、最佳诺特诺/Banda专辑
(Best Banda Or Norteno Album)
42、最佳热带拉丁专辑
(Best Tropical Latin Album)
Mana《Drama Y Luz》
Pepe Aguilar《Bicentenario》
Los Tigres Del Norte《Los Tigres Del Norte And Friends》
Cachao《The Last Mambo》
美国根源音乐类
43、最佳美国本土专辑
(Best Americana Album)
44、最佳兰草专辑
(Best Bluegrass Album)
45、最佳蓝调专辑
(Best Blues Album)
46、最佳民谣专辑
(Best Folk Album)
47、最佳本土音乐专辑
(Best Regional Roots Music Album)
TLevon Helm 《Ramble At The Ryman》
Alison Krauss Union Station 《Paper Airplane》
Tedeschi Trucks Band 《Revelator》
The Civil Wars 《Barton Hollow》
Rebirth Brass Band 《Rebirth Of New Orleans》
雷鬼类
48、最佳雷鬼专辑
(Best Reggae Album)
Stephen Marley 《Revelation Pt 1: The Root Of Life》
世界音乐类
49、最佳世界音乐专辑
(Best World Music Album)
Tinariwen 《Tassili》
儿童类
50、最佳儿童音乐专辑
(Best Children’s Album)
Various Artists 《All About Bullies... Big And Small》
朗读类
51、最佳诵读专辑
(Best Spoken Word Album)
Betty White 《If You Ask Me (And Of Course You Won't)》
喜剧类
52、最佳喜剧专辑
(Best Comedy Album)
Louis C.K.《Hilarious》
音乐剧类
53、最佳音乐剧专辑
(Best Musical Show Album)
Josh Gad Andrew Rannells,《The Book Of Mormon》
影视音乐类
54、最佳改编影视音乐专辑
(Best Compilation Soundtrack For Visual Media)
55、最佳原创影视音乐专辑
(Best Score Soundtrack For Visual Media)
56、最佳影视歌曲
(Best Song Written For Visual Media)
Various Artists《Boardwalk Empire: Volume 1》
Alexandre Desplat《The King's Speech》
Alan Menken Glenn Slater,《I See The Light (From Tangled)》
作曲/编曲类
57、最佳器乐作曲
(Best Instrumental Composition)
58、最佳器乐编曲
(Best Instrumental Arrangement)
59、最佳器乐编曲伴唱
(Best Instrumental Arrangement Accompanying Vocalist(s))
Bela Fleck Howard Levy《Life In Eleven》
Gordon Goodwin《Rhapsody In Blue》
Jorge Calandrelli《Who Can I Turn To (When Nobody Needs Me)》
包装类
60、最佳唱片包装
(Best Recording Package)
61、最佳盒装/限量发行版包装
(Best Boxed Or Special Limited Edition Package)
Caroline Robert《Scenes From The Suburbs》
Dave Bett Michelle Holme《The Promise: The Darkness On The Edge Of Town Story》
专辑注解类
62、最佳专辑注解
(Best Album Notes)
Adam Machado 《Hear Me Howling!…》
历史类
63、最佳历史专辑
(Best Historical Album)
Paul McCartney 《Band On The Run (Paul McCartney Archive Collection - Deluxe Edition)》
非古典类制作类
64、最佳非古典类工程专辑
(Best Engineered Album, Non-Classical)
65、年度最佳非古典类制作人
(Producer Of The Year, Non-Classical)
66、最佳非古典类混音唱片
(Best Remixed Recording, Non-Classical)
Neal Cappellino Mike Shipley 《Paper Airplane》
Paul Epworth
Sonny Moore 《Cinema (Skrillex Remix)》
环绕音响类
67、最佳环绕音响专辑
(Best Surround Sound Album)
Elliot Scheiner 《Layla And Other Assorted Love Songs (Super Deluxe Edition)》
古典类制作类
68、最佳古典类工程专辑
(Best Engineered Album, Classical)
69、年度最佳古典类制作人
(Producer Of The Year, Classical)
Byeong-Joon Hwang John Newto 《Aldridge: Elmer Gantry》
Judith Sherman
古典类
70、最佳管弦乐团
(Best Orchestral Performance)
71、最佳歌剧唱片
(Best Opera Recording)
72、最佳合唱团
(Best Choral Performance)
73、最佳小乐队演奏奖
(Best Small Ensemble Performance)
74、最佳古典器乐独奏
(Best Classical Instrumental Solo)
75、最佳古典演唱
(Best Classical Vocal Solo)
76、最佳当代古典音乐作曲奖
(Best Contemporary Classical Composition)
Gustavo Dudamel 《Brahms: Symphony No. 4》
Alan Gilbert 《Adams: Doctor Atomic》
Eric Whitacre 《Light Gold》
Rinde Eckert Steven Mackey 《Mackey: Lonely Motel - Music From Slide》
Giancarlo Guerrero 《Schwantner: Concerto For Percussion Orchestra》
Joyce DiDonato 《Diva Divo》
Robert Aldridge Herschel Garfein 《Aldridge, Robert: Elmer Gantry》
音乐录影带类
77、最佳短篇音乐录影带
(Best Short Form Music Video)
78、最佳长篇音乐录影带
(Best Long Form Music Video)
Adele 《Rolling In The Deep)》
Foo Fighters 《Foo Fighters: Back And Forth》
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